Copper

Table of Contents

What is Copper?

Copper is an essential trace mineral that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the human body. It is necessary for the formation of red blood cells, maintenance of healthy bones and connective tissues, and the proper functioning of the nervous and immune systems. Copper also acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism.

There are different forms of copper, but the primary distinction is between copper that is bound to organic molecules and inorganic copper. In the context of human consumption, the main types of copper available are:

Copper in Food:
- Organic Copper: This form of copper is naturally found in food and is bound to organic molecules such as proteins. Foods rich in copper include organ meats (liver, kidneys), shellfish (crab, lobster, oysters), nuts (especially cashews), seeds, whole grains, legumes, and dark chocolate.
Copper Supplements:
- Copper Gluconate: This is a common form of copper used in supplements. Copper gluconate is a copper salt of gluconic acid.
- Copper Sulfate: Another form used in supplements, copper sulfate is a salt of sulfuric acid.

What are the Benefits of Copper?

Copper is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in various physiological processes, and it is necessary for the maintenance of good health. Here are some key ways in which copper benefits the body:

Formation of Red Blood Cells: Copper is a crucial component of enzymes involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for transporting oxygen in red blood cells. Copper supports the proper formation and function of red blood cells, contributing to oxygen transport and energy production.
Connective Tissue Formation: Copper is involved in the synthesis of collagen, a structural protein that forms the basis of connective tissues, such as skin, blood vessels, bones, and tendons. Adequate copper levels are essential for maintaining the strength and integrity of these tissues.
Iron Metabolism: Copper plays a role in the metabolism of iron. It helps convert iron into a form that can be more easily absorbed by the intestines. This interaction between copper and iron is crucial for preventing iron deficiency and supporting overall iron balance in the body.
Neurological Function: Copper is involved in the formation and function of certain enzymes in the brain. It plays a role in neurotransmitter synthesis and may contribute to the protection of neurons from oxidative stress. Proper copper levels are essential for maintaining optimal neurological function.
Immune System Support: Copper is involved in the function of enzymes that play a role in the immune response. It contributes to the activity of white blood cells and other immune system components, helping the body defend against infections and illnesses.
Antioxidant Defense: Copper is a cofactor for superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that helps neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. This antioxidant activity helps protect cells and tissues from oxidative damage, which is associated with aging and various diseases.

What happens if I don’t get enough Copper (Deficiency)

Copper deficiency is rare, as the body requires only small amounts of this essential mineral, and it is found in a variety of foods. However, when copper deficiency does occur, it can lead to various health problems due to the role copper plays in several physiological processes. Here are some potential consequences of copper deficiency:

Anemia: Copper is necessary for the proper formation of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. A deficiency in copper can contribute to anemia, characterized by a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen to body tissues.
Bone Abnormalities: Copper is involved in the synthesis of collagen, a structural protein that contributes to the formation and maintenance of bones and connective tissues. Copper deficiency may lead to bone abnormalities, including osteoporosis or osteopenia.
Impaired Immune Function: Copper is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system. A deficiency may compromise the activity of white blood cells and other immune system components, increasing the risk of infections.
Neurological Issues: Copper plays a role in the formation and function of certain enzymes in the brain. Copper deficiency may lead to neurological problems, including altered neurotransmitter synthesis and potential damage to nerve cells.
Cardiovascular Issues: Copper is involved in the metabolism of iron, and a deficiency can affect iron balance in the body. This imbalance may lead to cardiovascular issues, including an increased risk of heart disease.
Connective Tissue Disorders: Since copper is crucial for collagen synthesis, a deficiency can result in the weakening of connective tissues, leading to various disorders.

It’s important to note that severe copper deficiency is rare and is more likely to occur in individuals with certain medical conditions that affect copper absorption, such as Menkes disease or celiac disease. Additionally, excessive intake of other minerals, such as zinc, can interfere with copper absorption and contribute to deficiency symptoms.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDAs) for Copper

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for copper varies by age and sex. These values are established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies. Keep in mind that individual requirements may vary, and these are general recommendations:

Infants:
- 0-6 months: 200 micrograms per day (mcg/day)
- 7-12 months: 220 mcg/day
Children:
- 1-3 years: 340 mcg/day
- 4-8 years: 440 mcg/day
- 9-13 years: 700 mcg/day
Adolescents and Adults:
- Males and females 14-18 years: 890 mcg/day
- Males and females 19 years and older: 900 mcg/day
Pregnant and Lactating Women:
- Pregnant females 14-18 years: 1,000 mcg/day
- Pregnant females 19 years and older: 1,000 mcg/day
- Lactating females 14-18 years: 1,300 mcg/day
- Lactating females 19 years and older: 1,300 mcg/day

Copper is found in a variety of foods, and most people can meet their copper needs through a well-balanced diet. Food sources of copper include organ meats, shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, legumes, and chocolate.

It’s worth noting that excessive copper intake can be harmful, and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for copper is 10,000 micrograms per day for adults. While copper deficiency is relatively rare, especially in well-nourished individuals, excessive copper intake can occur through supplements or contaminated water sources.

Best Food Sources for Copper

Copper is found in a variety of foods, and incorporating copper-rich sources into your diet can help ensure an adequate intake of this essential mineral. Here are some of the best food sources for copper:

Organ Meats:
- Liver (especially beef liver): Liver is one of the richest sources of copper.
Shellfish:
- Oysters: Oysters are particularly high in copper.
- Crab and Lobster: Shellfish, in general, can provide a good amount of copper.
Nuts and Seeds:
- Cashews: Cashews are a good source of copper.
- Sunflower seeds: Sunflower seeds also contain copper.
Whole Grains:
- Whole Wheat: Whole wheat products, such as whole wheat bread and whole wheat pasta, contain copper.
Legumes:
- Chickpeas: Chickpeas (garbanzo beans) are a source of copper.
- Lentils: Lentils also contain copper.
Chocolate:
- Dark Chocolate: Dark chocolate can contribute to your copper intake.
Vegetables:
- Potatoes: Especially if consumed with the skin.
- Leafy Greens: Some leafy greens, like kale and spinach, contain copper.
Dried Fruits:
- Dried Fruits: Raisins and dried apricots are examples of dried fruits that contain copper.

It’s important to note that the copper content in foods can vary based on factors such as soil conditions and agricultural practices. While these foods can contribute to your copper intake, maintaining a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods is the best way to ensure you’re getting sufficient copper.

Interaction with Medications / Overconsumption

While copper is an essential mineral for the body, excessive intake can lead to copper toxicity, which can have adverse effects on health. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for copper, as established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies, is 10,000 micrograms per day for adults.

Here are some potential effects of excess copper intake:

Gastrointestinal Symptoms: High levels of copper can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Liver Damage: Chronic exposure to high levels of copper may lead to liver damage.
Neurological Symptoms: Excessive copper intake may result in neurological symptoms, including headache, dizziness, and in severe cases, neurological disorders.
Hemolysis: In rare cases, excess copper can cause the breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis), leading to anemia.
Kidney Damage: Prolonged exposure to high copper levels may contribute to kidney damage.

It’s important to note that excessive copper intake is more likely to occur through supplementation or environmental exposure rather than through dietary sources. Some factors that may contribute to copper toxicity include contaminated water, copper cookware, or excessive use of copper supplements.

Copper can also interact with certain medications, affecting their absorption or metabolism. For example:

Zinc Supplements: High doses of zinc can interfere with copper absorption. Excessive zinc intake may lead to a relative copper deficiency.
Iron Supplements: High levels of iron can inhibit copper absorption, potentially leading to copper deficiency.
Aluminum-Containing Antacids: These antacids may interfere with copper absorption.

If you suspect copper toxicity or have concerns about copper interactions with medications, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional. They can assess your individual health status, consider your medications and supplements, and provide guidance on appropriate steps to take.

Maintaining a well-balanced diet and avoiding excessive intake of copper supplements or exposure to copper from other sources is generally the best approach to prevent copper toxicity.